Understanding the ‘Rope-Snake’ through the Madhva System

Sree Gurubhyo Namah

Understanding the ‘Rope-Snake’ through the Madhva System

In His Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Bhashya Shankaracharya has made a trendsetting

statement:

।

//sarva-vAdinaamapi aparihaaryah paramaartha-samvyavahaarakRto

vyavahaarah// (Brihadaranyaka bhashya: 3.v.i).

//in fact, all schools must admit the existence or non-existence of the phenomenal world

according as it is viewed from the relative or the absolute standpoint.// (translation by

Swami Madhavananda, the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad with the commentary of Sri

Shankaracharya, published by advaita ashrama, kolkota.)

This statement, made on the authority of the Shruti, sets the standard for the

formulation of any system of philosophy. After all, the aim of philosophy is to show a

way out of the present state of bondage to a state of liberation. The system should be

able to describe the present state of bondage in understandable terms and set forth the

path to liberation too in equally comprehensible terms. In Advaita, the terms used to

signify the two states are: vyavahaarika and pAramArthika. The former is the

transactional state of duality which is the cause of samsara. The latter is the absolute

state of non-duality which is the nature of liberation. The Mandukya Upanishad, in its

crucial 7th mantra, while defining the Turiya, the Absolute, Brahman, Atman, makes two

significant observations:  (avyavahAryam) (Advaitam). The former

precludes all duality-caused transactions, vyavahara, in the Absolute, Turiya. This

negation shows that the state of samsara is only vyavahaarika. That this is negated

shows that it, the vyavahaarika is not real; only superimposed due to ignorance of the

Turiya. The other word ‘Advaitam’ denotes the non-dual, vyavahaara-free nature of the

Turiya. The presence of another crucial word there  

 (prapanchopashamam)

crowns this state as one completely free of the world of duality.

The state of bondage has been likened to an illusory snake superimposed on a

rope. This example is in tune with the purport of the above Mantra where the

vyaavaharika world (samsara) is a mistaken view of the avyavahArya Turiya.

That the schools that followed Advaita have not been an exception to the rule

Shankaracharya stated (as mentioned at the beginning), is evidenced by the

acceptance by the Madhva school of these two states, only with a different

nomenclature: paratantra and swatantra.

The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy says:

// Madhva (1238-1317 CE)

According to Madhva there are two orders of reality: 1. svatantra, independent reality,

which consists of Brahman alone and 2. paratantra, dependent reality, which consists of

jivas (souls) and jada (lifeless objects). Although dependent reality would not exist apart

from brahman's will, this very dependence creates a fundamental distinction between

brahman and all else, implying a dualist view. //

That the two pairs Paramarthika-vyavaharika and Swatantra-paratantra are only

synonymous has been elucidated in an article:

http://atma.sulekha.com/blog/post/2008/09/a-vichara-on-swatantra-and-paratantraindependent.

htm

In the sequel, it is proposed to present how the Madhva system’s pair of Swatantraparatantra

aids the easy comprehending of the rope-snake analogy to describe the

state of samsara (and the state of release therefrom).

The following quote from an article on the Madhva system is taken up for a close

examination:

http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/218/1/Philosophy-of-Dvaita-Vedanta/Page1.html

// Though existence is thus 'reality', Madhva recognizes that its highest expression must

be metaphysical independence of every other form of existence in finite reality, in

respect of its being, powers and activity. Everything in finite reality is therefore grounded

in the Independent Reality, known as Brahman and needs it for its being and becoming.

While existence in space and time is thus reality and is possessed by the world of

matter and souls, there must be something more than mere existence, having

metaphysical independence or substantiality in its own right which may be designated

as the highest real or the philisophical Absolute which would be the ultimate expression

of all else. Such independent reality should be immanent in the universe, whence the

latter could derive and draw its sustenance. Without presupposing such a basic and

transcendental reality that would have to be immanent in the world, there would be

chaos and disorder in the universe.

However, Madhva's chief ontological classification of 'being' is into principles viz.

'svatantra' (Independent Reality) and 'paratantra' (Dependent Reality). The term 'Reality'

represents three primary data: the thinking self, a world of external realities and

indications of an Infinite Power rising above them.

In Madhva's conclusions of Dvaita metaphysics reached by the evidence of 'pratyaksa'

'anumana' and 'sabda pramana' this infinite power is that Supreme and Independent

Principle which does not depend on any other for its own nature and existence, selfawareness

or for becoming an object of knowledge to the thinking selves for the free

and unfettered exercise of its own powers. This 'svatantra-tattva' (independent principle)

is called God or 'Brahman'or 'Isvara'. Though Brahman can do very well without pra krti

or purusa (Dependent Realities), it prefers, in its infinite glory and inexorable will, 'to do

with them'. Such dependence (apeksa) of Brahman on things which are in themselves

dependent on It, is no mark of inferiority or limitation.

The dependence of the world of matter and the souls on Brahman is in the sense that

both are functioning at His will, which is the essential condition and sustaining principle

that invests them with their reality and without which they would be but void names and

bare possibilities. //

The very first paragraph of the above quote gives us the idea that two levels of reality

are accepted by Madhva. The independently real, Swatantra, is undoubtedly superior

to the dependently real, paratantra. The entire structure that Madhva has laid out as

described in the above quoted portions, can be best understood with the aid of the ropesnake

analogy:

When a snake is seen in the place of a rope, only the snake is seen as real. But is it

independently real? No; its very existence (being and becoming) is dependent on the

underlying, unseen rope. However, the rope in itself is not dependent on anything else,

relatively, for its being. Thus, the rope is independently real. Since this state of error is

sought to be overcome, the right effort would be directed at knowing the substratum,

rope. When this is accomplished, what one will have is the independent rope alone; the

‘dependently real’ snake having sublated. The knowledge of the rope is the positive

gain of the correcting exercise; the sublating of the snake being only the

fallout. Conversely, the sublating of the illusory snake does not end up in ‘no positive

fruit at all’; the causal rope-knowledge is the undeniable positive gain.

Thus, while the rope-snake analogy is a useful tool to the clear grasping of the two-level

reality proposed by Madhva, the understanding of the rope-snake analogy itself is easily

possible by a consideration of the Madhva system’s Swatantra-paratantra pair. It is

easy to appreciate the perfect one-to-one correspondence between the two pairs:

Paramarthika-vyavaharika and Swatantra-paratantra of Advaita and Dvaita respectively.

That the ultimate and absolute non-dual nature of Brahman, the Swatantraparamarthika,

also is identical in the two systems is brought out by this ‘statement’, also

from the above quoted portion of the Madhva system:

//Though Brahman can do very well without prakrti or purusa (Dependent Realities), it

prefers, in its infinite glory and inexorable will, 'to do with them'. Such dependence

(apeksa) of Brahman on things which are in themselves dependent on It, is no mark of

inferiority or limitation.

The dependence of the world of matter and the souls on Brahman is in the sense that

both are functioning at His will, which is the essential condition and sustaining principle

that invests them with their reality and without which they would be but void names and

bare possibilities. //

This ‘statement’ very clearly translates into: ‘Brahma satyam jagan mithyA, jIvo

Brahmaiva na aparaH’ (Brahman alone is Real and the world is unreal. The jiva, soul,

is none other than Brahman) and implies ‘AtmasambandhI kimapi nAsti’ (There is

nothing other than Atman).

An Advaitin would see the above ‘statement’ as largely depicting the essence of the

Advaita Brahman. In Advaita, Brahman is One Only without a second in its absolute

nature, Paramarthika. By the association of Maya, prakriti, the world is created. Yet,

since this creation is only maayika, Brahman remains asanga always. The very

accepting of the possibility of Brahman doing very well without prakriti or purusha (jiva)

implies Its eternally asanga and essentially Advaita svabhAva. Again, accepting this

possibility of Brahman being a ‘Great Stand-Alone’ results in the natural conclusion of a

situation where the prakriti and jiva are not there. And Its ‘preference’ to ‘do with them’

is not difficult to explain as it is due to Brahman’s icchA. Brahman’s icchA and mAyA

are one and the same. Advaita views the ‘dependents on It’ (paratantra) as what is/are

superimposed on It and hence the substratum Brahman is not limited by the

superimposed prakriti and the samsara born of it. Such a Brahman/Atman is not related

to anything, in reality, is borne out by the above ‘statement.’ Again, the purport of the

words ‘…. is no mark of inferiority or limitation’ of the above ‘statement’ is expressed by

Sri Shankaracharya in the preamble to His Bhashya on the Brahmasutras thus:

//tatraivam sati yatra yadadhyAsaH, tatkRtena doSheNa guNena vaa aNumAtreNApi sa

na sambadhyate...// [‘This being so, the locus (Atman/Brahman) is not affected in any

way either by the merits or demerits of the things superimposed.’]

Thus, even though the language used to give expression to the ‘Brahman/jagat/jiva

triad’ is different in the two schools, essentially they mean the same. Recognizing and

accepting this would lead to harmony; the opposite is only acrimony. (This is one area

where scholars could focus upon so as to work out a harmony.)

The following words, of the Article on the Madhva system, in particular bring out, in

unambiguous terms, the illusory nature of the dependent reality constituting the created

world and the bound jiva-s.

//The dependence of the world of matter and the souls on Brahman is in the sense that

both are functioning at His will, which is the essential condition and sustaining principle

that invests them with their reality and without which they would be but void names and

bare possibilities.//

Why would Brahman will the creation of a world and place in it the souls in bondage? Is

there any justification for causing a painful samsara for the jiva-s? That samsara is

undoubtedly painful is repeatedly instructed by Scripture; so this is not anyone’s

allegation. Normally replies like ‘It is His will, It is His Leela, etc’ are proffered but this

only raises further questions instead of silencing the questioner. No doubt such replies

are intended to enable the aspirant to proceed in the path of sadhana by developing the

attitude of ‘submitting’ to the Divine Will, yet when further probed, the usage of words

like ‘will’ only culminate in the concept of Maya. Ishwara’s IcchA, will, is nothing but

Vishnu Maya. There are Gita verses to substantiate that the Lord creates and manages

this samsara through His Maya. That the Lord wants us to ‘transcend’ His Maya rather

than to succumb to it or submit to it is one unmistakable indication that the

paratantra/vyavaharika reality is indeed illusory, just like the superimposed snake on the

rope.

Since it is stated in the above quote that Brahman’s Will is the essential condition for the

sustenance of samsara, the logical conclusion would be: Samsara is contingent on

Brahman’s Will/Maya. Therefore when Brahman ceases to ‘will’ any longer the

continuance of samsara, there is an end to samsara. So the remedy to end samsara is

to see that Brahman stops ‘willing’ the continuance of samsara. Thus, the ‘onus’ of

samsara is on Brahman, or to put it more clearly, on His will or Maya. Thus, samsara is

maayika, being a creation of Maya.

Would it not be logical, therefore, to ‘separate’ Brahman from Maya? This would ensure

that there is no longer samsara. We have seen earlier that samsara (world and jiva) is

‘dependent’ on the ‘will’ of Brahman. So, when Brahman’s Maya/Will is ‘separated’ from

Brahman, samsara, having no support, will collapse/vanish/cease to be. That this is a

clear possibility is what has been assured in the quoted lines above:

//Though Brahman can do very well without prakrti or purusa (Dependent Realities),…//

The aim of all sadhana is ideally to realize Brahman as free-of-will and free of being a

support for prakriti and jiva. This is what the word 􁮧प􁲱ोपशमम् prapanchopashamam) of

the Mandukyopanishat conveys. Knowing Brahman thus is what is called Mukti,

freedom from bondage.

The Correct World-view

Whose world-view is the correct one, the ignorant man’s or the wise man’s ? Obviously,

the wise-man’s view alone has to be the correct view of the world. And what is the

wise man’s, in other words, the liberated man’s view? This is answered by the Madhva

system thus:

www.dwaita.org (under the question: Why does Tattvavada deny Jivanmukti?)

/// Because a mukta, or liberated person, should not even be physically present in the

material universe, unlike the un-liberated. A person who is living in the world cannot be

said to be free of sorrow born of material contact, and also cannot be said to experience

the joy of his own nature at all times. The very act of living in a gross material body

entails things such as eating, sleeping, pleasure and pain, etc., which cannot be

accepted in a mukta. //

The above statement about the mukta makes it clear that he is no longer in ‘prapancha’

where alone the five bheda-s persist. All the worlds, ‘above and below’ the human

world attainable owing to one’s karma, too, come under the class of ‘prapancha’. For, it

is only in the wake of the five differences any samsaric experience possible.

Thus, the wise mean does not see the world/samsara; he ‘sees’ Brahman in the place

of the world/samsara. He/there is no longer a samsari; there is only Brahman that is

free of Its ‘will’ to support the samsara and samsari. For the wise man everything is

Brahman – VaasudevaH Sarvam. For, ‘Brahman can very well do without prakriti and

purusha’ as per the Madhva system we saw above.

A sloka composed by Sri Vyasa Tirtha, which is considered to be a gem explains Sri

Madhwa’s Philosophy in a nutshell:

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rlz=1B3GPCK_enIN334IN334&q=Navratna+of+D

vaita+Vedanta&aq=f&oq=&aqi=

// 􁮰ीम􁭠म􁭟वमते ह􁳯रः परतरः स􁭜यं जगत्

त􁱬वतो िभ􁳖ा जीवजना हरेरनुचरा नीचो􁲬भावंगताः ।

मुि􁲦न􁱺जसुखानुभूितः अमला भि􁲦􁳟 त􁭜साधनं

􁳭􁭃ा􁳰दि􁮢तयं 􁮧माणं अिखला􁳜ायैकवे􁳒ो ह􁳯रः ॥

SreeManMadhwamate Hari: Paratara: Satyam Jagat thatvato

BhinnaaH jeevajanaa: Hareranucharaa Neechotcha Bhaavam gathaa: |

Mukthir Naija Sukhanu Bhutir amala Bhakthishcha Thath Saadhanam

Hyakshaadi Thrithayam pramaanam Akhila AAmnayaika Vedya Hari: ||

Nine Tenets are propounded in this sloka and the meaning, in parts, of this sloka is -

Hari is the most supreme of all…..

This world (Jagat) which is made out five differences, is eternal and not a false.

Attaining the Nija-swaroopa (True-Nature) is called as Mukti.

Faultless Bhakthi (Devotion) is the means to attain Mukti.//

From the above, we come to understand that Hari is Supreme. He is indenpendent and

we are regulated and controlled by him. If we understand this and have unflinching faith

on God as well as Guru Bhakthi, we can easily cross over the Ocean of Samsara..//

The verse says that the world is real as per Dvaita. It means that it is only dependently

real as we have already seen. That it is eternal and not false is also true from the

bound jivas’ standpoint.

Thus, the fate of paratantra/vyavaharika ‘reality’ is now settled once and for all. What

remains is the Swatantra/Paramarthika Reality, Brahman.

To come back to where we started this discussion, the superimposed snake is none

other than our paratantra/vyavaharika reality, being just dependent on the underlying

rope, the swatantra/paramarthika reality.

While Advaita explicitly calls the vyavaharika a seeming reality, Dvaita stops short of

saying this by just saying that it is paratantra reality. Both terms culminate in holding

the dependent reality a mithya, unreal, entity. For the goal of both Advaita and Dvaita is

definitely not to retain samsara but to show the means to realize Brahman as free from

Vishnu Maya. That this is the ultimate goal is unambiguously declared in the statement

‘Brahman can very well do without prakriti and purusha’.

The means to liberation:

According to Dvaita the supreme means to liberation is blemishless Devotion amalaa

Bhakthishcha Thath Saadhanam.

Shankara, commenting on the Bhagavadgita verse 13.18 says:

//Who is fit to attain this right knowledge? He who is devoted to Me, who regards Me,

Vasudeva, the Supreme Lord, the Omniscient, the Supreme Guru, as the Self, the Soul,

the Essence, of everything, i.e., he who is possessed, as it were, with the idea that all

that he sees or hears or touches is nothing but the Lord, Vasudeva. Thus devoted to

Me, and having attained the right knowledge described above, he is fit to attain to My

state, i.e. he attains Moksha.//

In the VivekachUDAmaNi (32) Shankara says:

मो􁭃कारसाम􁯙यां भि􁲦रेव गरीयसी [Among the requisite means for liberation, Bhakti is the

foremost]

Sri Purandara Dasa sings: Daasanaagu VisheShanaagu…

http://www.kannadaaudio.com/Songs/Devotional/home/Daasanaagu.php

‘Become devoted to Hari, do not remain attached to the world…’

Shankara taught:

Bhaja Govindam bhaja Govindam Govindam bhaja mUDhamate

samprApte sannihite kAle nahi nahi rakShati Dukring karaNe

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4FUQxn4CnY

‘Be devoted to Govinda…when death comes to take you away, worldly pursuits will not

save you.’

A Synopsys:

· The above study has taken the shape of the structure of the

Brahmasutras. The four themes/chapters/divisions corresponding to the Sutra

Book are :

· Samanvaya: The ultimate purport of the two systems Dvaita and Advaita is the

same: The Realization of the Supreme Brahman, untouched by prakriti/maya.

· Avirodha: The two schools are non-contradicting when closely examined,

keeping the ultimate purport in mind.

· Sadhana: Supreme Devotion is the means for Realization of Brahman.

· Phala: The fruit of sadhana is Mukti, Moksha consisting of experiencing one’s

innate Bliss is taught by both the schools.

· The world and jiva have only dependent/vyavaharik reality as per both the

schools.

· Brahman is the sole Independently Real Truth as per both the systems.

· Brahman is unconnected to the world and jiva in absolute terms as per both

the schools.

· The Mukta, the liberated soul, does not experience the material world as per

both the schools.

Om Tat Sat

                                                        

(Continued...) 

_{(My humble salutations to  Bramashri Sreeman Subrahmanyam ji   and  Advaita org   for the collection)}

Advaitic Mananam on Gita shloka

1 ShrIgurubhyo namaH

Advaitic Mananam on Gita shloka 2:12 & 2:13

With a Critique of Dvaita Remarks

A commentary on

Sri Jayatirtha’s (1314-1378 AD) and

Sri Ramatirtha’s

references to ‘nairAtmyavAda’ .

The following remarks sourced from the site of some followers of the dvaita school have been taken up for a close analysis so as to evaluate the truth and strength of these remarks. It is not the intention of this writer to make counter-charges against the dvaitins as this would not result in any productive fruit for a sadhaka. The purpose of the analysis is to appreciate the Truth that the Scripture holds out and bring this to the fore for all to see. It could also be viewed as a mananam exercise by mumukshus.

From the Page: Bhagavadgita II - 13 (Evidence for the Existence of a soul) in the site:

http://www.dvaita.org/shaastra/gita/bg213.html

Quote//bhAshhya --

ataH kutarkairdhIrastatra na muhyati || 13 ||

Therefore, by perverted arguments, "the intelligent one is not

deluded." || 13 ||

pra. dI. -- 2

evaM cha chaturthapAdopayuktaM prameyamuktvA tadidAnIM

niveshayati -- `ata', iti | yata evaM nairAtmyavAdibhiH

utprexitAH kutarkA atastaiH kutarkaiH dhIraH dhImAn.h tatra

dehAtiriktanityAtmasadbhAvavishhaye na mohamApadyate |

`narake niyataM vAsaH' ityAdyarjunavachanena tasya nityAtma-

pratipattisiddheH prathamapurushhaprayogaH || 13 ||

Then, too, stating the prameya stated in the fourth part of the

verse, it is explained here, `ata', thus. As it is the case that

the statement of the ones holding that there is nothing

pertaining to the self is a sophism (*), `dhIraH', i.e., the

wise one, is not deluded on the subject of the existence of the

soul that is different from the body. As `continued residence

in hell' (I-44), thuslike statements of Arjuna prove the existence

of an eternal soul, the third person is used (in `dhIraH tatra na

muhyati'; Arjuna understands this, clearly, so the statement is

being made about others).

(*) The calling of Advaita as `nairAtmyavAda' is based on the following Shruti:

atha j~nAnopasargAH | rAjan.h mohajAlasyaishha vai yoniryad.h

asvargaiH saha svargyA Ashlishhyanti | ... atha ye chAnye ha

mithyAtarkaiH dR^ishhTAntaiH kuhakendrajAlaiH vaidikeshhu

paristhAtumichchhanti taiH saha na saMvaset.h |

prAkAshyabhUta vai te taskarA asvargyA ityevaM hi Aha --

nairAtmyavAdakuhakairmithyAdR^ishhTAntahetubhiH |

bhrAmya.Nlloko na jAnAti vedavidyAntaraM tu yat.h ||

Now, the obstacles to knowledge: O King, this web of delusion has

its origin in that the pious associate with the impious... these,

and others who, with illusory logic (or: logic claiming to show

illusion and illustrations, wish to insert themselves among

Vaidika-s -- do not abide with them. They are indeed daylight 3

robbers, and are un-heavenly, for that alone it is stated:

On account of the web of illusory examples and logic of the

doctrine that holds that there is nothing concerning the Atman,

the world wanders about not knowing the higher, true essence of

the Vedas.

This Shruti is cited by Srimad Âchârya in the VTVN (`maitreyIshAkhAyAM cha atha j~JnAnopasargA ityuktvA', etc.); while it may have the flavor of an `aprasiddha-shruti', it is (unfortunately for the Advaitins) actually available, being in the maitrAyaNIya upanishhad.h VII-8 which gives a list of various false doctrines that are to be rejected by the seeker, with the `nairAtmyavAda' being the last, and goes on to state that Brihaspati, the preceptor of the deities, took on the form of Shukracharya, the preceptor of the demons, and created these to destroy the latter and protect Indra: `bR^ihaspatirvai shukro bhUtvendrasyAbhayAyAsurebhyaH xayAyemAM avidyAM asR^ijat.h' (the chArvAka doctrine is also thus called the `bR^ihaspati-shAstra'). The Advaitins claim, and J.A.B. van Buitenen's translation (Mouton & Co., The Hague, Netherlands, 1962; BL 1120. A54B8) says, that this `nairAtmyavAda' is the "doctrine that holds there is no Atman," i.e., the Buddhists. However, this is incorrect on two grounds: one, because as Sri Jayatîrtha points out in the VTVN-TIkA, the Buddhists cannot be said to wish to insert themselves among the Vaidika-s (`vaidikeshhu paristhAtuM ichchhanti'), i.e., to pass themselves off as Vedantins, their purpose indeed being to wipe out Vedanta. Second, grammatically, `nairAtmyavAda' is properly read as `AtmasambandhI kimapi nAstIti nairAtmyavAdaH' -- the doctrine which holds that there is nothing other than the Atman, is nairAtmyavAda. Buddhism would have to be referred to as `nirAtmavAda', not as `nairAtmyavAda'. It is significant, therefore, that Sri Jayatîrtha shows that the verse II-13 is actually refuting the claim made by Sri Shankara in his commentary on the previous verse. Hence it is that the Upanishad describes the proponents of nairAtmyavAda as `prAkAshyabhUta vai te taskarA' -- verily daylight robbers, for making bold to propound a doctrine that is openly opposed to the tenets of the texts while claiming to expound them, and thus for taking away the purport of the shâstra-s before one's very eyes.//Unquote

A Response to the above two points made by Sri Jayatirtha: 4

1.The Maitrayani Upanishad has been commented upon by Sri Ramatirtha. This is also translated into English by Cowell. The book was published by the Asiatic Society, Calcutta in the year 1935. It appears that the commentary is much older, having seen some earlier prints in the 1800’s.

The Maitrayani Upanishad along with the commentary of Sri Ramatirtha and English translation by Cowell can be read here: http://tinyurl.com/5x687b [File size 18.02 MB] (This file has been uploaded by Sri Sunder Hattangadi whose work in making available numerous scriptural works on the internet is greatly laudable.)

The following is the relevant portion from the commentary:

(The portion appears in the next page) 5 6

The meaning of the expression: ‘vaidikeShu paristhAtum icchanti’ (‘they wish to locate themselves amidst followers of the Vedas’) of the Maitrayani Upanishad 7.8:

The Upanishad, while mentioning the case of those opposed to Vedas, and therefore to be avoided, describes their trait as ‘these (Buddhists), among other things, wish to establish themselves among the followers of the Vedas.’ We can understand this with the help of the following illustration:

Supposing there are some missionaries of a faith ‘X’. Their mission is to enlist maximum converts from faith ‘Y’ into their fold. They understand that they cannot do this by remaining in remote locations. So they identify those localities where people of faith ‘Y’ live in large numbers. They put up their offices/places of worship/outfits in these localities. Having done this, they take up methods of enticing those of faith ‘Y’ by printing literature denigrating the deities of faith ‘Y’, their practices, etc. They hold meetings, give talks directed at creating confusion and bitterness in the minds of their targeted audience and hold out various kinds of allurements for effecting the conversion.

The above could have been exactly the practice of the early Bauddhas. Many early converts to their fold were those who had fairly good knowledge of the Vedas. They became converts and started writing against the Vedic path and culture.

Here is an interesting quote sourced from the Advaita Vedanta site’s page:

http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:U1mrjh5gIpMJ:www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/gaudapada.html+Buddhism%27s+criticism+of+Vedanta&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=in&client=firefox-a

(Or use this url.:)

http://tinyurl.com/5mxr2b [Open in new window]

//It is also important to remember that the development of both mahAyAna buddhism and vedAnta took place more or less simultaneously, and within the same larger geographical area. It would be foolhardy to expect that there would not have been some interaction between the two most powerful streams (brAhmaNa and

bauddha) of Indian philosophical thought. It is clear from the history of Indian philosophical thought that both brAhmaNa and bauddha sides held steadfastly to their basic axioms, although the individual systems within each stream held diverse opinions on various philosophical issues.//

It is this method of opposing the Vedas and the Vedic culture that the Upanishad means by saying: ‘they wish to locate themselves amidst followers of the Vedas.’

The commentary of Sri Ramatirtha to this Upanishad says, for this expression: ‘paristhAtum icchanti’ – paripanthitayA sthAtum icchanti’. This means: They (Bauddhas, called by this Upanishad by the name: NairAtmya vAdin-s) wish to establish themselves, as adversaries, amidst the followers of the Vedas.

Thus, we can see that an adversary can remain amidst his target, either incognito or otherwise, and yet carry on his mission.

For the term ‘NairAtmya vAdaH’ of the Upanishad, Sri Ramatirtha’s commentary says:

NairAtmyavAdaH = shUnya kShaNikavijnAnaadi AtmavAdaH. This meanis: The ‘deniers of the Self ‘ are those who hold the self to be a void/momentary consciousness. These are evidently the Bauddhas.

(Translation of the portion VII.8 of the Maitrayani Upanishad from the site:

http://everything2.com/e2node/Maitrayani%2520Upanishad%2520Part%2520Two

OR

http://tinyurl.com/66akdc [Open in new window]

(translated by Max Muller) 1884 ‘The Sacred Books of the East’)

8. Now follow the impediments in the way of knowledge, O King! This is indeed the origin of the net of bewilderment, that one who is worthy of heaven lives with those who are not worthy of heaven. That is it. Though they have been told

7 8

that there is a grove before them, they cling to a small shrub. And others also who are always merry, always abroad, always begging, always making a living by handiwork; and others who are begging in towns, performing sacrifices for those who are not allowed to offer sacrifices, who make themselves the pupils of Sudras, and Sudras who know the sacred books; and others who are malignant, who use bad language, dancers, prize-fighters, travelling mendicants, actors, those who have been degraded in the king's service; and others who for money pretend that they can lay (the evil influences) of Yakshas, Rakshasas, ghosts, goblins, devils, serpents, imps, &c.; and others who falsely wear red dresses, earrings, and skulls; and others who wish to entice by the jugglery of false arguments, mere comparisons and paralogisms, the believers in the Veda - with all these he should not live together. They are clearly thieves, and unworthy of heaven. And thus it is said:

'The world unsettled by the paralogisms of the denial of Self, by false comparisons and arguments, does not know what is the difference between Veda and philosophy.'

2. The term 'NairaAtmyavAdaH' refers to the Buddhist doctrine alone:

In the sequel are shown some instances where the term ‘NairAtmyavAda’ is used in Buddhist literature by Buddhists themselves to mean: ‘doctrine of no-self’. Even a dictionary of Buddhist terms gives the meaning of this term as what we have been seeing here.

Online book: Hinduism And Buddhism - Volume II by Charles W. Eliot

CHAPTER XIX

MAHAYANIST METAPHYSICS

//Anyone who reads these treatises and notices the number of apparently eternal beings and the talk about the universal mind is likely to think the old doctrine that nothing has an atman or soul, has been forgotten. But this impression is not correct; the doctrine of Nairatmyam is asserted so uncompromisingly that from one point of view it may be said that even Buddhas do not exist. The meaning of this doctrine is that no being or object contains an unchangeable permanent self, which lives unaltered in the same or in different bodies. On the contrary individual existences consist of nothing but a collection of skandhas or a santana , a succession or series of mental phenomena. In the Pali books this doctrine is applied chiefly to the soul and 9

psychological enquiries. The Mahayana applied it to the external world and proved by ingenious arguments that nothing at all exists. //

***

Mahayana Lankavatara Sutra

Translated into English by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki :

//"The truth-treasure whose principle is the self-nature of Mind, has no selfhood

(nairatmyam), stands above all reasoning, and is free from impurities; it points to the

knowledge attained in one's inmost self; Lord, show me here the way leading to the

Truth.//

***

----- Original Message ----

From: "srikanta at nie.ac.in" <srikanta at nie.ac.in>

To: advaita-l at lists.advaita-vedanta.org

Sent: Saturday, April 26, 2008 1:53:51 PM

Subject: [Advaita-l] Discussion on pratitya-samutpada and Adwaita

//In pratitya-samutpada(theory of dependent co-origination) every thing is

dependently arisen."sarve nissvabhavah",every thing is without self

nature."Sarve nairatmyam,sarvam duhkam,nirvanam shantam"so says Buddha.In

his book,"vaidalyaprakarana",Nagarjuna clearly defines what is

pratitya-samutpada.//

Philosophy of Vasubandhu in Vimsatika and Trimsika

By Surendra Nath Das Gupta

The Indian Historical Quarterly,

vol 4:1, March, 1928 p.36-43

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p. 36

(2) It is possible that the awareness of anything may become the object of a further awareness, and that of another, but in all such cases where the awareness is 10

significant (arthavati) there are no entities or reality as represented by them; but this should not be interpreted as a denial of the principle of intelligence or pure know- _________________

2. Yo balair dharmanam svabhavo grahyagrahakadih pari- kalpitas tena kalpitenatmana tesam nairatmyam na tvanabhilapyenatmana yo buddhanam visaya iti. Commentary on Vimsika, p. 6.

^^^^

TỔ ĐÌNH MINH ĐĂNG QUANG PHẬT HỌC TỪ ĐIỂN

BUDDHIST DICTIONARY

SANSCRIT/PALI-VIETNAMESE

Phạn / Pali -Việt

THIỆN PHÚC

N

Nairatmyam (skt)—Nairatmya (p): Vô Ngã—Không có tự ngã—Soullessness—The fact that there is no Self—See Vô Ngã.

&&&&& 11

Having seen the various instances of usage of this term ‘NairAtmya…’ in the very Buddhist literature, let us now see the derivation of the term nairAtmyam:

The word nairAtmyam is first derived as: nirgataH AtmA yasmAt saH nirAtmA. [He from whom the Self, Atman, has ‘departed’ (because of his negating/rejecting it), is called nirAtmA, ‘one-without-Atma’ or ‘no-Atma’].

Then, nirAtmano bhAvaH nairAtmyam. [ the abstract form of nirAtmaa is nairAtmyam, or in other words, ‘no-Atman-ness’.]

Then again, the derivation is: nairAtmyam uchyate pratipAdyate anena iti nairAtmyavAdaH. (that system by which this doctrine is preached/established is called the doctrine of ‘no-Atman-ness’.)

[Note: words like ‘naiShkarmyam’ , ‘aitadAtmyam’ (occurring in Chandogya Upanishad VI.Chapter (Tattvamasi portion) can also be derived in the above manner, with the ‘bhAva’ pratyaya. Shri Shankaracharya does this in the Bhashyam for the Bhagavad Gita verse 3.4 as:

‘NaiShkarmyam niShkarma-bhAvam karmashUnyatAm…’

and in Gita verse 18. 49 as:

‘NaiShkarmyasiddhim nirgatAni karmANi yasmAnniShkriyabrahmAtmasambOdhAt sa niShkarmA, tasya bhAvO naiShkarmyam, …’

Thus, the very word nirAtmA that Sri Jayatirtha proposes in the first instance, when taken one/two steps further for derivation, results in the most suitable, grammatically acceptable, term to denote the Buddhists. And this is the word used in that Upanishad.

The other point made by Sri Jayatirtha is:

//Second, grammatically, `nairAtmyavAda' is properly read as `AtmasambandhI kimapi nAstIti nairAtmyavAdaH' -- the doctrine which holds that there is nothing other than the Atman, is nairAtmyavAda.//

A comment on the above:

It is another matter that what is said by Sri Jayatirtha above is indeed the depiction of the correct position of the Vedanta. Since Brahman/Atman is ‘asanga’(Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.3.16) and adviteeya/advaitam, as borne out by 12

several Shruti passages, there can be no ‘sambandha’ in true terms, between Atman/Brahman and anything else since nothing else apart from Brahman truly exists. For this reason also the reason given by Sri Jayatirtha to consider ‘nairAtmyavaadinaH’ to mean only the Advaitins is incorrect.

Let us consider the following ‘statement’ on Tattvavada, sourced from a site:

http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/218/1/Philosophy-of-Dvaita-Vedanta/Page1.html

OR

http://tinyurl.com/56co4g [Open in new window]

“Though Brahman can do very well without prakrti or purusa (Dependent Realities), it prefers, in its infinite glory and inexorable will, ‘to do with them’. Such dependence (apeksa) of Brahman on things which are in themselves dependent on It, is no mark of inferiority or limitation’’

(emphasis mine)

@ @ @ @

This ‘statement’ on Tattvavada very clearly translates into: ‘Brahma satyam jagan mithyA, jIvo Brahmaiva na aparaH’ (Brahman alone is Real and the world is unreal. The jiva, soul, is none other than Brahman) and implies ‘AtmasambandhI kimapi nAsti’ (There is nothing other than Atman).

An Advaitin would see the above ‘statement’ as largely depicting the essence of the Advaita Brahman. In Advaita, Brahman is One Only without a second in its absolute nature, Paramarthika. By the association of Maya, prakriti, the world is created. Yet, since this creation is only maayika, Brahman remains asanga always. The very accepting of the possibility of Brahman doing very well without prakriti or purusha (jiva) implies Its eternally asanga and essentially Advaita svabhAva. Again, accepting this possibility of Brahman being a ‘Great Stand-Alone’ results in the natural conclusion of a situation where the prakriti and jiva are not there. And Its ‘preference’ to ‘do with them’ is not difficult to explain as it is due to Brahman’s icchA. Brahman’s icchA and mAyA are one and the same. Advaita views the ‘dependents on It’ (paratantra) as what is/are superimposed on It and hence the substratum Brahman is not limited by the superimposed prakriti and the samsara born of it. Such a Brahman/Atman is not related to anything, in reality, is borne out by the above ‘statement.’ Again, the purport of the words ‘…. 13

is no mark of inferiority or limitation’ of the above ‘statement’ is expressed by Sri Shankaracharya in the preamble to His Bhashya on the Brahmasutras thus:

//tatraivam sati yatra yadadhyAsaH, tatkRtena doSheNa guNena vaa aNumAtreNApi sa na sambadhyate...// [‘This being so, the locus (Atman/Brahman) is not affected in any way either by the merits or demerits of the things superimposed.’]

Thus, even though the language used to give expression to the ‘Brahman/jagat/jiva triad’ is different in the two schools, essentially they mean the same. Recognizing and accepting this would lead to harmony; the opposite is only acrimony. (This is one area where scholars could focus upon so as to work out a harmony.)

Now, since Sri Jayatirtha has made a distinction between the terms ‘nirAtmavAda’ (applicable to Buddhists) and ‘nairAtmyavAda’ (applicable only to Advaitins) we conclude that Sri Jayatirtha clearly distinguishes the Advaitins from the Buddhists. From his suggestion:

// ‘`AtmasambandhI kimapi nAstIti nairAtmyavAdaH' -- the doctrine which holds that there is nothing other than the Atman, is nairAtmyavAda. Buddhism would have to be referred to as `nirAtmavAda', not as `nairAtmyavAda'.//

it is clear that according to Sri Jayatirtha, the Advaitins accept, that is, do not deny, the Atman but only deny any other entity apart from Atman. This admission on the part of Sri Jayatirtha amounts to absolving the Advaitins of the charge, of being ‘pracchhanna bauddha-s’, ‘Buddhists in disguise.’ For, in Sri Jayatirtha’s opinion while the Buddhists are the ones who have denied the Atman itself, the Advaitins accept the Atman but only deny anything that could be related to Atman.

[An aside note: In his Kannada book ‘Mata traya sameekshA’, Dr.Anandatirtha Vysampayanacharya Nagasampige, Director of the Purnaprajna Samshodhana Mandiram, Bangalore, includes a section in the Chapter on Advaita darshana, titled:

// ‘Are the Buddhists only Vaidikas in disguise?’ It is the view of Advaitins that since the Buddhists have adapted the concept of ‘nirvisheSha (attributeless) Brahman of the Upanishads, and have formulated their theory, they are ‘pracchanna vaidika-s.’// ]

From the stated admission on the part of Sri Jayatirtha, the objection that Sri Shankara has denied a soul in the Gita 2.12 is also proved to be futile, being self-contradictory. This is because, while Sri Jayatirtha accepts that Advaitins have not denied the Atman while arguing the case of the Maitrayani Upanishad, he charges that Advaitins have denied the Atman in the Gita 2.12. (This is stated here because the remarks of the 14

Dvaita school appears under the section ‘Evidence for existence of a soul’.)

[Advaita accepts the jiva, the sharIrI, in samsara and their nAnAtva (being many in number), and the created universe, and all that could be related to the Atman, in the plane of vyavahara, born of ignorance. The Gita and other bhashyams bring out this idea clearly. After all, the vyavahara pertaining to punya, papa, transmigration, etc. will have to be accounted. All this requires accepting the jiva, the karta, bhokta, and their nAnAtva. The karma-phala dAtA, Ishwara too is accepted as different from the jiva/s. In the very ShAnkara Bhashya (for Gita verse 2.12) passage that Sri Jayatirtha has taken up for critical analysis, there occur these words:

‘tathA na chaiva na bhaviShyAmaH, kim tu bhaviShyAmaH eva sarve vayam ato asmAt dehavinAshAt param uttarakAle api. triShvapi kAleShu nityA AtmasvarupeNa ityarthaH’

[ So, neither shall we cease to exist; on the other hand, we shall all certainly continue to exist even after the death of these bodies. As the Self, the Atman, we are eternal in all the three periods of time (past, present and future.)]

In fact, in the very first verse for which Sri Shankara has commented in the Gita, (2.11), He says:

//Such people as Bhishma and Drona deserve no grief for they are men of good conduct and are eternal in their real nature.//

[Note the plural number used in the Bahshyam quotes above]

Therefore, there is no question of Sri Shankara ‘denying the Atman’ in the Gita 2.12. Nor is it true that ‘Sri Shankara’s contention is refuted by the Lord in the subsequent verse.’ A perusal of Sri Shankara’s commentary on the verse 2.13 too will reveal that Sri Jayatirtha’s criticism is not based on the factual situation.

There can hardly be any reason for Bhagavan to refute what Sri Shankara has remarked in the commentary for the Gita verse 2.12. Sri Shankara has remarked:

//dehabhedAnuvRttyA bahuvachanam, na AtmabhedAbhiprAyeNa//

[The plural ‘us’ is used (by Bhagavan) with reference to the bodies that are different; it does not mean that there are more than one Self.]

A Short analysis of the Bhagavad Gita Verse: 2.13:

The above verse reads:

Dehino’smin yathA dehe kaumAram yauvanam jarA 15

tathA dehAntaraH prAptiH dheeraH tatra na muhyati

[In the body of the Self (dehi, sharIrI, Atman) there are the transformations namely childhood, youth and old age. So too there is the transmigration by acquiring another body upon the death of the present body. A discriminating one does not become deluded by this phenomenon.]

From these words of the Lord we see there are these elements:

                        There is a soul, self, Atman.

                        There is a body.

                        The body is ‘connected’ to the Atman.

                        There are transformations in the body.

What is this ‘connection’ sambandha? Is it like a person saying: ‘This is my car’? No. This is a unique type of sambandha. There is a very deep identification of the Atman with the body. It is not like the one in the case of one’s car. This identification, the wrongly taking the body to be oneself, is the cause of moha, delusion, that results in samsara. How do we know this? From the Lord’s words: ‘dheeraH tatra na muhyati’

[A discriminating one does not become deluded by this phenomenon]. Many are the Astika-s, believers, who know/believe that the soul is different from the body, that it exists eternally, death does not mean the end of the soul, etc. (Arjuna himself is an example. He displays this knowledge in the first chapter of the Gita. Yet, why does he grieve on the prospect of the killing of Bhishma, etc.?) Does this much conviction make them Jnanin-s, Mukta-s? No. One needs to be equipped with the knowledge arising out of answers to these specific questions: Whether the Atman is:

                        one or many

                        different from Brahman/ParamAtmA or not

                        with or without attributes

                        karta, bhokta (doer, enjoyer) or akarta, abhokta (non-doer, non-enjoyer)

                        dependent or independent

                        atomic in size or infinite

                        intrinsically/eternally pure or impure

                        endowed with a mind/instruments of knowledge or not

A general knowledge pertaining to the soul is not sufficient for freedom from delusion and its resultant grief. The above questions require an Acharya to expound to an aspirant. It is this that Lord Krishna, the Acharya, is teaching to Arjuna, and through him, the others.

The unshakable conviction that the Atman is never connected with anything that is perishable/anAtmA is the only means to Moksha. It is his attachment to the near and dear ones that makes Arjuna grieve. He asks: Even if we were to win the war, what use is that joy in the absence of our near and dear ones? This shows that despite the 16

knowledge, born of ShAstra study, that the soul is eternal, different from the body, etc., ultimate freedom from shoka/moha is possible only by aparoksha jnana of the asanga Atman.]

Thus, taking the body to be oneself, that is, taking the body as one’s sambandhi, is delusion. Not considering the body to be the Atman is viveka. While the former leads to samsara, the latter liberates a person. So, the Lord is teaching this viveka to Arjuna through this verse. By taking the body as oneself, one also takes the ‘happenings’ to the body as also happening to oneself. This is the next level of ‘Atma-sambandha’ with the body’s properties. Once a person takes his body to be his self, then, the ‘other’ bodies that he contacts in the world are also ‘other selves’. When the body is seen as anAtmA, there is no recognition of others as different from oneself. There will be nothing either to bring about the feeling of ‘others, many’ as it is only the finitude of the body that causes the plurality. It is this realization alone that ensures freedom from moha, delusion and its resultant shoka, sorrow.

Thus, the Lord’s teaching is: There is nothing that could be related to Atman, `AtmasambandhI kimapi nAstI’. This Atman that is ‘free-of-any-relationship’ can be Only One: ‘aham AtmA guDAkesha sarvabhUtAshayaH..’ (Gita 10.20) [I am the Atma, O Arjuna, residing in all the beings’. And this is what is meant by the remark in Sri Shankara’s commentary for the verse 2.12 :

//dehabhedAnuvRttyA bahuvachanam, na AtmabhedAbhiprAyeNa//

[The plural ‘us’ is used (by Bhagavan) with reference to the bodies that are different; it does not mean that there are more than one Self.]

From the above we are able to conclude that the Lord in 2.13 is only confirming what Sri Shankara has commented in 2.12. To reiterate: ‘I am the body’ is moha, leading naturally to plurality. ‘I, the Secondless asanga Atman, am not affected by the transformations of the body’ is viveka, dheeratva.

Why Atman cannot be many?

When we have ‘many’ of anything, we distinguish them from each other on the basis of certain factors. In the case of many (gross) bodies, for example, we distinguish them on the basis of height, weight, complexion, age, etc. In the case of many subtle bodies, the mind/intellect/ego, we can distinguish on the basis of comprehending power, sharpness of intellect, subduing of ego, etc. What factors exist, in the case of the Atman, to distinguish one Atman from the other?

Any ‘factor’ that helps distinguish one from another has to be a product of action, of the body, mind or speech. It is recognized/accepted by all aastika systems that the attributes like beauty, complexion, health, efficiency, power of comprehension, creativity, etc., of the body, mind, intellect, sense organs, etc. are all results of one’s 17

(past /present) karma. The very ‘svabhAva’, innate ‘nature’ of a person too is the result of karma alone. (The 17th chapter of the Gita details the svabhAva in terms of ‘shraddhA’ on the basis of sattva, rajas and tamas.) The Gita teaching on the need to cultivate daivi sampat (divine qualities) and eschew Aasuri sampat (demoniac traits) is a proof of this.

Atman is admitted to be distinct from the body, distinct even from the mind, intellect, etc. The Gita (3.42) teaches this:

//The senses are superior; superior to the senses is mind; superior to mind is reason; one who is even superior to reason is He, the Atman. //

The Kathopanishat 1.3.10,11 and 2.3.7,8 too give this same teaching.

Since Atman transcends all the instruments that could be employed in producing a result of action, karma phalam, no karma or its phalam could touch Atman and make Atman attributed. The karma phalam can only affect the body, mind, intellect, etc., but never the Atman. Therefore Atman can have nothing that can make it different from ‘another’ Atman. If it is said that each Atman has its own unique characteristics, guna or dosha, even these should be deemed to have resulted from karma alone and never otherwise. But since karma can never enter Atman that is never born, all samsara is in the realm of action and results which are possible only in the domain of the ego-mind-body.

There is no deha-sambandha or manas-sambandha or vAk/indriya sambandha for the Atman. Therefore, no karma sambandha and thus no guNa/doSha sambandha. The Gita (5.19) says: nirdoSham hi samam Brahma. (Brahman is free of any blemish and is one and the same everywhere). Atman is free from any relation with anything in all periods of time. Atman is ever pure. It is for this reason that Atman knowledge is taught as the means to liberation.

An ‘acid test’ to grasp the above concept:

Supposing three persons are sitting in a park on a bench. They do not know each other. One is engrossed in a newspaper, another, immersed in a book and the third, gazing at the vast blue sky. That the three are silent is evident. There are three persons alright. But are there three silences? No. One can experience just the silence there. No counting of this silence is possible. It is not possible to apportion the silence among the three. It is only when they start talking that we can say the difference on the basis of voice, the topic of their talk, language, slang, tone, etc. But when they are all silent, no such distinguishing marks are available to us with respect to the silence. The ‘silence’ obtaining here is only one and cannot be many. Just as there can be many ornaments made of gold but gold is only one. Even so the bodies are many but Atman is only one. Atman is like the silence in this illustration. ‘ShAntam Shivam Advaitam’ says the MandUkya Upanishat 7th mantra about Atman. Samsara is akin to the 18

talking in this example. It is only in samsara counting and distinction is possible but not in Atman/Moksha.

The Brihadaranyaka Upanishat (4.3.22) gives a similar illustration, of deep sleep (to finally teach the state of liberation). It says:

"In this state a father is no more a father, a mother is no more a mother, the worlds are no more the worlds, the gods are no more the gods, the Vedas are no more the Vedas. In this state a thief is no more a thief, the killer of a noble brahmin is no more a killer, a chandala is no more a chandala, a paulkasa is no more a paulkasa, a monk is no more a monk, an ascetic is no more an ascetic. "This form of his is untouched by good deeds and untouched by evil deeds, for he is then beyond all the woes of his heart.”

While in the waking all identities are available in tact and all distinctions are possible, the state of deep sleep affords no room for any identities and distinctions. Deep sleep is the same for all beings.

The case with the Atman is also similar. It is only after creation that one can make distinctions but not when Atman is not related with/to creation. In the Mundakopanishat (1.2.12) ‘pareekshya lOkAn karmachitaan…’ there is a description of the seeker of Atman knowledge. He examines the world and concludes that ‘the Uncaused cannot be attained by the means of the caused. (The silence of the above park illustration is uncaused, obtaining naturally in the park; the talking, however, is caused. Again, the sleep in the above illustration is similar. The Mandukya Upanishat teaches the third paada, the sleep state, as the cause of the other two, waking and dream states. One returns to his natural state of sleep.) The Upanishat uses the terms ‘akRtaH’ to denote that Truth that is not caused by anything and ‘kRtaH’ to denote that which is other than the Truth. That which is produced, caused, is what can have attributes and is anitya and therefore asatya. This cannot form the means to attaining the Truth, the one free of attributes and is nitya and is therefore satya. In the ‘caused’ there will be plurality but not in the Truth that is uncaused. This is because anything caused can happen only with parts assembled, joined together. That which is uncaused is not an assemblage.

It is only when prakriti and purusha, the jiva, come together that any thing is caused. Thereafter emerges this universe of diverse forms and attributes but not in the absence of such a creation. What obtains without the state of creation is best said thus:

//…Brahman can do very well without prakrti or purusa (Dependent Realities)// The MandUkya Upanishat 7th mantra calls this ‘prapanchopashamam’, One free of the world.

Thus, whenever we use the plural number, it can refer only to the body, etc. and not the Atman that is ever One. Questions and answers in the world, in the field of secular and religious/spiritual vyavahara, will be possible only by using the language that is understandable. It is in keeping with this rule that the Lord in the Gita verse 2.12 uses 19

the plural referring to Arjuna, Himself and the other kings. It is in recognition of this inevitability that Sri Shankara makes that comment about the plural referring to the bodies alone and not the Atman. In the absence of such a clarificatory comment there is the possibility of a reader mistaking the teaching of the Lord and concluding that there are many Atmans, all different from each other and different from the Lord, Brahman.

Let us now examine the aptness of Sri Shankara’s above remark, in the context of the overall teaching of Bhagavan in the Gita, in the immediate context of the specific teaching in the Second Chapter of the Gita and in the overall context of the entire Upanishadic teaching.

In the Gita, 18.20, the Lord teaches the Knowledge that constitutes Saattvic Jnanam:

sarvabhUteShu yena ekam bhAvam avyayam IkShate

avibhaktam vibhakteShu taj jnAnam viddhi saattvikam.

[That by which a man sees the One Indestructible Reality in all beings, inseparate in the separated, that knowledge know thou as Sattvic.]

Sri Shankara comments: …That Reality, the Self, is not different in different bodies; like the AkAsha, the Self admits of no division. Know thou this direct and right perception of the non-dual Self as sAttvic.

In the subsequent two verses the Lord mentions, as that which has to be given up, the Rajasic and Tamasic knowledge where the vision of difference in Atman is characteristic. Evidently, the Saattvic knowledge alone is conducive for Liberation.

Again, in Gita 13.16 we have:

Avibhaktam cha bhUteShu vibhaktamiva cha sthitam..

[And undivided, yet remaining divided as it were in beings; … too is That, the Knowable…]

Here again, Sri Shankara comments: It is undivided in the different bodies, It is one like the AkAsha. Still, It appears to be different in all the different bodies, inasmuch as It manifests only in the bodies.

In the Kathopanishad 1.2.22 the Guru, Yama, teaches:

asharIram sharIreShu anavastheShu avasthitam

mahAntam vibhum AtmAnam matvA dhIro na shochati

[The Self is Bodiless in the midst of bodies, is Permanent in the midst of the impermanent ..] 20

In the BrihadAraNyaka Upanishad 2.4.14 and 4.5.15 occurs this mantra with some variations:

Yatra hi dvaitamiva bhavati taditara itaram jighrati….yatra vA asya sarvamAtmaiva abhUt tat kena kam jighret…yena idam sarvam vijaanAti tam kena vijAnIyAt vijnAtaram arey kena vijAniiyAt..

[14. "For when there is duality, as it were, then one smells another, one sees another, one hears another, one speaks to another, one thinks of another, one knows another. But when everything has become the Self, then what should one smell and through what, what should one see and through what, what should one hear and through what, what should one speak and through what, what should one think and through what, what should one know and through what? Through what should One know That owing to which all this is known—through what, my dear, should one know the Knower?" ]

[It is to be noted that the above Upanishadic teaching of the Non-dual vision does not preclude the Jnanin’s vyavahara of seeing, smelling, etc. All these go on but with the realization that they happen only in the realm of the sense organs and their objects. This has been clearly stated in the Gita verses: 5.8,9: ‘I do nothing at all’ thus would the Truth-Knower think, steadfast, though seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, eating, going, sleeping, breathing, speaking, letting go, seizing, opening and closing the eyes, remembering that the senses move among the sense-objects.]

In the Chandogya Upanishad , there is the teaching of BhUma vidyA. Mantra 7.24.1 says:

Yatra nAnyat pashyati nAnyat shRNoti ..sa bhUmA. atha yatra anyat pashyati….tadalpam. yo vai bhUmA tadamRtam atha tadalpam tanmartyam…

[1. "Where one sees nothing else, hears nothing else, understands nothing else—that is the Infinite. Where one sees something else, hears something else, understands something else—that is the finite. The Infinite is immortal, the finite mortal."]

The Kathopanishad in the mantras 2.2.9 to 13 clearly teaches, with examples, the One Atman that is available in many bodies.

Even the Maitrayani Upanishad that is being studied, although in parts, in the present write-up, gives this kind of teaching.

Keeping in view the above teachings contained in the Gita and the Upanishads, Sri Shankara makes that remark in the context of Bhagavan’s teaching of the nature of Atman to Arjuna. It is not that this remark is out of the context of the second chapter, for close at hand, in 2.17 the Lord says:

avinAshi tu tad viddhi yena sarvam idam tatam…

[Know That to be imperishable by Which all this is pervaded…]

How does the Atman pervade ‘all this’? The answer is found in the Gita itself: 21

Bahirantashcha bhUtAnAm acharam charameva cha

sUkShmatvAt tadavijneyam dUrastham cha antike cha tat (13.15)

The Atman pervades this entire creation, in and out, of all beings. Being extremely subtle, It is not knowable as an object by the senses.

This is akin to the Narayana suktam declaration: ‘antar bahishcha tat sarvam vyApya NaarAyaNaH sthitaH’ (Lord Narayana pervades in and through all this created universe of names and forms, )

That which pervades all this, consisting of the separate bodies, the entire world of variety, can be Only One. It cannot be many. (The logicians, Nyaya shastra, accept manas, atma, Akasha, etc. as nityam. But in Vedanta the One Atman/Brahman Alone is nityam, ‘ekam eva adviteeyam’as taught in the Chandogya Upanishad Ch.VI.)

So, what Sri Shankara has remarked about the plurality of the bodies and the Unity/Singularity of the One Undivided Atman is actually upholding the ambrosial teaching, the Parama SiddhAnta, of Bhagavan, the Upanishads and the unassailable anubhava, experience, of the Atma Jnanin. For, the Gita teaches:

Samam sarveShu bhUteShu tiShThantam parameshvaram

Vinashyatsu avinashyantam ya: pashyati sa pashyati (13.27)

Samam pashyan hi sarvatra samavasthitam Ishvaram

Na hinastyAtmanA AtmAnam….(13.28)

The Jnani gets the vision of the One Atman that resides in all the separated bodies that are perishable. Such a Jnani, by virtue of this Knowledge of His Own Self that is present in every one else, does not bring grief either to himself or to others.

It is such a vital component of the teaching of Bhagavan that Sri Shankara is giving expression to in His commentary to the Gita verse 2. 12:

//dehabhedAnuvRttyA bahuvachanam, na AtmabhedAbhiprAyeNa//

[The plural ‘us’ is used (by Bhagavan) with reference to the bodies that are different; it does not mean that there are more than one Self.]

Such being the case, why would Bhagavan ever ‘refute’ this remark of Sri Shankara? What the Lord says in the subsequent (2.13) verse is about the changes that occur, in the natural course, to the body of an embodied being. These changes will not affect the Atman that is Immutable. As seen earlier, Advaita accepts the plurality of the embodied beings in the state of ignorance. For, it is ignorance that causes one to consider oneself to be finite, take the attributes of the body/mind to be of his Self, take himself to be a 22

samsari, different from others and different from Brahman. This is graphically taught in the Mundaka Upanishad (3.1.1) mantra ‘dvaa suparNaa’ through the two-bird imagery. When the Truth is discerned, all this finitude and difference ceases. Hence, it is incorrect to charge that the Lord has ‘refuted’ Sri Shankara’s remark pertaining to plurality.

Over and above all that is said in the foregoing, it has to be noted that the Maitrayani Upanishad itself, in the VI prapAthaka, 7th mantra, says:

//And it is said: 'When the knowledge is twofold (subjective and objective), then he hears, sees, smells, tastes, and touches (something), for it is the Self that knows everything.'

But when the knowledge is not twofold (subjective only), without effect, cause, and action without a name, without a comparison, without a predicate - what is that Knowledge? It cannot be uttered by words..//

And also, in the 3rd mantra says:

//3. There are two forms of Brahman, the material (effect) and the immaterial (cause). The material is false, the immaterial is true. //

Through the above mantras, this Upanishad clearly denies everything other than the Atman. This is the teaching of the Katha Upanishad too, in the mantra (2.4.11) neha nAnAsti kinchana (There is no diversithy here at all) and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad teaching (4.4.19) ‘MRtyoH sa mRtyumApnoti ya iha nAneva pashyati’ (He goes from death to death, who sees diversity, as it were, in It.). It would be illogical, improper, for this very (Maitrayani) Upanishad to censure a viewpoint as unworthy of accepting what it itself upholds as its core teaching. The commentary of Sri Ramatirtha for these portions could also be seen.

A synopsys of the above presentation:

                        The term ‘nairAtmyavAda’ used in the Maitrayani Upanishad 7.8 is decidedly directed at the Bauddha thought. The derivation of this term is shown, in grammatically unflawed terms, in the foregoing.

                        The expression, vaidikeShu paristhAtum icchanti’ (they wish to locate themselves amidst followers of the Vedas) is to be understood as ‘ they wish to locate…..as adversaries of the followers of the Vedas’).

                        The term ‘nairAtmyavAda’ is quite commonly/popularly used in Buddhist literature to mean the doctrine of ‘no-Atman’.

                        Advaita accepts the plurality of the souls in the realm of ignorance. Hence there can be no contradiction with the parlance (vyavaharika) usages of plurality of (jiva)Atman in the Gita.

                        The Ultimate Teaching of the Upanishads and the Bhagavadgita is the Oneness of the Atman that is also known as Brahman. The several passages cited in the foregoing bring out, at the same time, the plurality of the bodies and the

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Singularity of the Atman abiding in them. Therefore, the question of Bhagavan ‘refuting’ Sri Shankara’s remark does not arise.

• The Maitrayani Upanishad itself contains as its core teaching, the Paramartha Tattva, the Non-dual Brahman and the falsity of everything else that is encountered in parlance/vyavahara.

In conclusion, it may be noted that the most natural and direct meaning of the term ‘nairAtmyavAda’ is the doctrine of no-Self. This is borne out by the various commentary/translations of this Upanishad. Disregarding all these if anyone attempts to read the meaning of Advaita doctrine into this portion (VII.8) of the Upanishad, it only shows that anyone else too, using similar grammar and logic (reasoning), can very easily demonstrate to the world that this mantra is directed at the Dvaitins alone and not the Advaitins and not even the Buddhists. The amenability of the Sanskrit language to yield itself to any meaning one desires aught not to be unduly exploited. Instead of clinging to such archaic practices of attacking other schools, it would benefit one to refrain from such mudslinging and devote one’s time and energy towards bringing about harmony among the various schools of Vedanta. This is what the present times are crying for. Dr.Nagasampige’s book quoted above is a welcome step in this direction.

Om Tat Sat

SrIsadgurucharanAravindArpaNamastu

Here are some views about the Maitrayani Upanishad:

Maitri Upanisad

The Maitri or Maitrayaniya Upanisad, belongs to the Maitrayaniya shakha or branch of the Black Yajur Veda. (1) Maitri is the principal teacher and Maitrayana is the name of the shakha to which the Upanisad belongs. It contains seven chapters of which the last two are comparatively modern. The whole Upanisad is later in date than the classical Upanisads which it quotes frequently. (2)

We have a reference to the trimurti conception Brahma, Vishnu and Siva in IV. 5, which also indicates the late date of the Upanisad. The three forms are traced to the three gunas, rajas, sattva and tamas in V. 2. Suggestions of the illusory character of the world, momentousness of phenomenon show the influence of Buddhist thought. Ramatirtha's commentary on the Upanisad is of much interest.

Views of Trimurti within Hinduism

Vaishnavism

Trimurti, Painting from Andhra Pradesh

Vaishnavism generally does not accept the Trimurti concept. For example, the Dvaita school holds Vishnu alone to be the supreme God, with Shiva subordinate, and interprets the Puranas differently. For example, Vijayindra Tîrtha, a Dvaita scholar interprets the 18 puranas differently. He interprets that the Vaishnavite puranas as satvic and Shaivite puranas as tamasic and that only satvic puranas are considered to be authoritative.[15]

Maurice Winternitz notes that there are very few places in Indian literature where the Trimurti is mentioned.[12] The identification of Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma as one being is strongly emphasized in the Kūrma Purana, where in 1.6 Brahman is worshipped as Trimurti; 1.9 especially inculcates the unity of the three gods, and 1.26 relates to the same theme.[13]

Om Tat Sat

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Om Tat Sat

                                                        

(Continued...)

_{(My humble salutations to the lotus feet of Swamy Jayatirtha and Swamy Ramatirtha amd   great Devotees , Philosophic Scholars, Advaita Vedanta dot org       for the collection)}